{"id":12424,"date":"2019-12-06T00:05:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-06T00:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hederav2stg.wpenginepowered.com\/learning\/what-is-hedera-hashgraph\/"},"modified":"2026-02-13T08:58:53","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T13:58:53","slug":"what-is-hedera-hashgraph","status":"publish","type":"learning","link":"https:\/\/hedera.com\/learning\/what-is-hedera-hashgraph\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Hedera?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>Hedera Defined &amp;\u00a0Explained<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Hedera is a fully open source, proof-of-stake,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hedera.com\/learning\/what-are-distributed-ledger-technologies-dlts\">public network<\/a>\u00a0and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hedera.com\/council\/\">governing body<\/a>\u00a0for building and deploying\u00a0decentralized<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hedera.com\/learning\/what-is-a-decentralized-application-dapp\"> applications<\/a>.\u00a0It offers developers three primary services: Solidity-based smart contracts, consensus, and token services.\u00a0Hedera is unique in that it is\u00a0incredibly fast, energy-efficient (<a href=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/blog\/going-carbon-negative-at-hedera-hashgraph\">carbon negative<\/a>), and secure \u2014 these advantages can be attributed to its underlying <a href=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/learning\/what-is-hashgraph-consensus\">hashgraph consensus algorithm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"learning-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-05-at-2.58.26-PM_2022-04-05-191126_kdlo.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2022 04 05 at 2 58 26 PM\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Consensus: Hashgraph<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The Hedera network is proof-of-stake and built on the open source hashgraph distributed consensus algorithm, invented by Dr. Leemon Baird, Hedera Co-founder and Chief Scientist. The hashgraph consensus algorithm provides near-perfect efficiency in bandwidth usage and consequently can process hundreds of thousands of transactions per second in a single shard (a fully connected, peer-to-peer mesh of nodes in a network).<\/p>\n<p>Unlike a traditional proof-of-work blockchain, which selects a single miner to choose the next block, the community of nodes running hashgraph come to an agreement on which transactions to add to the ledger as a collective. Through gossip-about-gossip and virtual voting, the hashgraph network comes to consensus on both the validity and the consensus timestamp of every transaction. If the transaction is valid and within the appropriate time, the ledger\u2019s state will be updated to include the transaction with 100% certainty (finality).<\/p>\n<p>In blockchain, consensus rules require that blocks eventually settle in a single, longest chain, agreed upon by the community. If two blocks are created at the same time, the network nodes will eventually choose one chain to continue and discard the other one, lest the blockchain \u201cfork\u201d into two different chains. It is like a growing tree that is constantly having all but one of its branches chopped off.<\/p>\n<p>In hashgraph, every container of transactions is incorporated into the ledger \u2014 none are discarded \u2014 so it is more efficient than blockchains. All the branches continue to exist forever and are woven together into a single whole. Furthermore, blockchain fails if the new containers arrive too quickly, because new branches sprout faster than they can be pruned. That is why blockchain needs proof-of-work or some other mechanism to artificially slow down the growth. In hashgraph, nothing is thrown away.<\/p>\n<p>The hashgraph consensus algorithm has been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hedera.com\/blog\/coq-proof-completed-by-carnegie-mellon-professor-confirms-hashgraph-consensus-algorithm-is-asynchronous-byzantine-fault-tolerant\">processed<\/a> as <a href=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/learning\/what-is-asynchronous-byzantine-fault-tolerance-abft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT)<\/a> by a math proof checked by computer using the Coq system. This proves the claims stated in the hashgraph tech report that hashgraph is aBFT \u2014 mathematically the highest possible level of security for distributed systems. Both the algorithm and Hedera&#8217;s implementation are open sourced under an Apache 2.0 license.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Network Services:\u00a0Smart Contracts,\u00a0Consensus, and Token<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Hedera enables developers to build decentralized applications using three main services: Smart Contracts, Consensus, and Token, through the easy-to-use API and <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.hedera.com\/hedera\/sdks-and-apis\/sdks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">officially supported\/community-supported SDKs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"learning-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-05-at-3.01.11-PM_2022-04-05-191054_cosr.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2022 04 05 at 3 01 11 PM\" \/><figcaption>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Hedera Smart Contracts<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Smart contracts play a critical role in building the trust layer of the internet. Used to manage autonomous logic that doesn\u2019t rely on a centralized intermediary, server, or custom governance model, smart contracts can power decentralized applications.\u00a0The Hedera Smart Contract service lets you program in Solidity and utilizes the Besu Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). The Besu EVM has\u00a0been specifically <a href=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/blog\/unblocking-and-unloading-the-speed-secrets-behind-hedera-smart-contracts-2-0\">optimized for the Hedera network and hashgraph consensus<\/a>, allowing for hundreds of transactions per second, low and predictable fees, a carbon-negative footprint, and incredible performance at 15 million gas per second.<\/p>\n<p>You can view the full documentation for the Smart Contract service\u00a0and a &#8220;Deploy Your First Smart Contract&#8221; tutorial <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.hedera.com\/hedera\/getting-started-evm-developers\/deploy-your-first-contract-with-hedera-contract-builder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>. Additionally, there&#8217;s a code example below for creating your\u00a0very first smart contract transaction on Hedera.<\/p>\n<pre><code>\/\/Create the transaction\n\nconst transaction = new ContractCreateTransaction()\n\n    .setGas(100_000_000)\n\n    .setBytecodeFileId(bytecodeFileId)\n\n    .setAdminKey(adminKey);\n\n\/\/Modify the default max transaction fee (default: 1 hbar)\n\nconst modifyTransactionFee = transaction.setMaxTransactionFee(new Hbar(16));\n\n\/\/Sign the transaction with the client operator key and submit to a Hedera network\n\nconst txResponse = await modifyTransactionFee.execute(client);\n\n\/\/Get the receipt of the transaction\n\nconst receipt = await txResponse.getReceipt(client);\n\n\/\/Get the new contract ID\n\nconst newContractId = receipt.contractId;\n\n        \n\nconsole.log(\"The new contract ID is \" +newContractId);\n\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3><strong>Hedera Consensus Service<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Hedera Consensus Service offers applications direct access to the native speed, security, and fair ordering guarantees of the hashgraph consensus algorithm. Using this service, clients can submit messages to Hedera for time-stamping and ordering. Clients can also encrypt the message contents, ensuring an application&#8217;s ability to preserve their user&#8217;s privacy and prevent the publishing of PII.<\/p>\n<p>Messages can include important actionable information in them, events such as for a money transfer settlement, user engagements in an advertising platform, tracking of provenance in a supply chain, and more. These ordered messages will flow out to mirror nodes or clients of mirror nodes for processing in the consensus order. By using Hedera for tamper-proof and verifiable logging of transactions, disparate participants and systems have a real-time view into application events.<\/p>\n<p>Here are two code examples of the Java SDK to create a topic and submit your first message:<\/p>\n<h3>Create a new topic<\/h3>\n<pre><code>\/\/Create a new topic\n\nfinal TransactionId transactionId = new ConsensusTopicCreateTransaction()\n\n.execute(client);\n\n\/\/Grab the newly generated topic ID\n\nfinal ConsensusTopicId topicId = transactionId.getReceipt(client).getConsensusTopicId();\n\nSystem.out.println(\"Your topic ID is: \" +topicId);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Submit your first message<\/h3>\n<pre><code>\/\/Submit a message to a topic\n\nnew ConsensusMessageSubmitTransaction()\n\n.setTopicId(topicId)\n\n.setMessage(\"hello, HCS! \")\n\n.execute(client)\n\n.getReceipt(client);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3><strong>Hedera Token\u00a0Service<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Hedera Token Service offers applications the ability to perform configuration, minting, and management of fungible and non-fungible tokens on Hedera. Tokens on Hedera achieve 10,000 transactions per second, settle with finality immediately, and always cost $0.0001 USD, paid in HBAR, to transfer. Developers have fine-grained control over tokens and accounts on Hedera, with key and token configurations that deliver flexibility for account KYC verification and freeze, token supply management, transfer, and more. For full layer 1 programmability, you can integrate any type of token minted using Hedera Token Service directly into your Solidity smart contract.<\/p>\n<p>Check out the full tutorial on getting started with Hedera Token Service in the <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.hedera.com\/hedera\/sdks-and-apis\/sdks\/tokens\/\">official Hedera documentation<\/a>. With Hedera Token Service, it\u2019s incredibly easy to create a new token that can represent anything from a stablecoin pegged to the USD value, or an in-game reward system. Here\u2019s a JavaScript SDK example:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\n\/\/Create a token\n\n\/\/Create the transaction and freeze for manual signing\n\nconst transaction = await new TokenCreateTransaction().\n\n.setTokenName(\"Your Token Name\")\n\n.setTokenSymbol(\"F\")\n\n.setTreasuryAccountId(treasuryAccountId)\n\n.setInitialSupply(5000)\n\n.setAdminKey(adminPublicKey)\n\n.freezeWith(client);\n\n\n\n\/\/Sign the transaction with the token adminKey and the token treasury account private key\n\nconst signTx = await (await transaction.sign(adminKey)).sign(treasuryKey);\n\n\n\n\/\/Sign the transaction with the client operator private key and submit to a Hedera network\n\nconst txResponse = await signTx.execute(client);\n\n\/\/Get the receipt of the the transaction\n\nconst receipt = await txResponse.getReceipt(client);\n\n\n\n\/\/Get the token ID from the receipt\n\nconst tokenId = receipt.tokenId;\n\nconsole.log(\"The new token ID is \" + tokenId);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3><strong>Fully Decentralized Governance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Hedera is governed by the Hedera Council: An expert council consisting of up to 39 industry leading global organizations, distributed across different industries and spanning a wide range of geographies. The Hedera Council is completely decentralized \u2014 every member has an equal vote over software upgrades, network pricing, treasury management, and more. Council members are term-limited and do not receive any profits from Hedera.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"learning-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Governing-Council-Slide.001-V1.1-1-scaled.png\" alt=\"Governing Council Slide 001 V1 1 1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The Hedera Council is structured to best fulfill Hedera&#8217;s vision of a fully decentralized, wise, stable governance in the long-term interests of the network. All governing council members have all taken partial ownership of Hedera LLC, by signing the agreement. This LLC agreement has been made available, in its entirety, at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hedera.com\/council\/\">https:\/\/www.hederacouncil.com<\/a>. Minutes from every Council meeting will be <a href=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/council\/minutes\">provided to the public<\/a> no later than thirty days after they&#8217;re accepted by a majority of the members.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-21258 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-Hedera-Council-Graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2120\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-Hedera-Council-Graphic.png 2120w, https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-Hedera-Council-Graphic-300x48.png 300w, https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-Hedera-Council-Graphic-1024x164.png 1024w, https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-Hedera-Council-Graphic-768x123.png 768w, https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-Hedera-Council-Graphic-1536x246.png 1536w, https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-Hedera-Council-Graphic-2048x328.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2120px) 100vw, 2120px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>This governing\u00a0model greatly reduces the risk of ideological or personal disputes that have affected the governance of other public networks. In the spirit of fostering a strong developer-focused community and developer-driven roadmap, anyone\u00a0can submit proposed features, functionalities, standards and other types of proposals\u00a0through Hedera improvement proposals (HIPs).\u00a0These proposals are community-driven, evaluated and approved by the Hedera\u00a0Governing Council, and implemented by a decentralized group of\u00a0core project engineers. Hedera\u2019s technology and governance make it scalable and well-suited to become the first public network to achieve mainstream adoption.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Application Use Cases<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>For the Hedera network to be secure it must provide public utility. As the number of applications, assets, and transactions grows, the Hedera network becomes an integral piece of digital infrastructure, on which the world relies. Providing utility ensures the network&#8217;s protection by making it even more difficult and expensive to centralize ownership of the native cryptocurrency, HBAR,\u00a0preventing the consolidation of voting power for network transactions.<\/p>\n<p>Applications that utilize Hedera\u2019s network services are a critical aspect of Hedera\u2019s utility \u2014 anyone from a single developer, to a startup, to a Fortune 500 enterprise can create an account anonymously and deploy a Hedera-powered application to the mainnet across a variety of use cases found below.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"learning-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-05-at-3.01.45-PM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2022 04 05 at 3 01 45 PM\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Payments:\u00a0<\/strong>Enable secure, instant, and cost-effective peer-to-peer payments with HBAR, stablecoins, or your own token.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Content Authenticity:\u00a0<\/strong>Manage and make publicly verifiable the authenticity of sensitive documents and other media.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>CBDC:\u00a0<\/strong>Architect central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) for national or international remittance.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Audit Log:\u00a0<\/strong>Inexpensively create a publicly auditable log of data, including payable events, IoT sensor data, and more.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Decentralized Finance:\u00a0<\/strong>Remove costly intermediaries and build financial markets, lending protocols, oracles, and more with Solidity-based smart contracts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Decentralized Identity:\u00a0<\/strong>Manage decentralized identity through a secure, standards-based, and privacy-respecting manner.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>NFTs:\u00a0<\/strong>Build NFT marketplaces that mint and issue unique tokens representing digital media, physical assets, and more.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Permissioned Blockchain:\u00a0<\/strong>Make private transactions on permissioned blockchains, such as Hyperledger Fabric or Corda, publicly verifiable.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Interoperability:\u00a0<\/strong>Build an interoperable bridge spanning public and private networks. Transact value, data, and identity.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Hedera&#8217;s Path to Decentralization<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Hedera is a proof-of-stake public distributed ledger which aims to use a combination of a \u201cpath to permissionless\u201d (network nodes) and a \u201cpath to widespread coin distribution\u201d (HBAR cryptocurrency) to keep the network secure, while working to achieve full decentralization. Let&#8217;s focus on permissionless nodes and coin distribution, and the role they play in securely achieving and maintaining decentralization. Read more about Hedera&#8217;s path to permissionless by reading the whitepaper.<\/p>\n<h3>Public vs Private &amp; Permissioned vs Permissionless<\/h3>\n<p>Distributed ledgers are categorized as <strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>p<\/strong><strong>rivate<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong> or <\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>public<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong> and <strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>permissioned<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong> or <\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>permissionless<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 they can be any combination of the two. At open access of the Hedera mainnet, the Hedera network is public permissioned. But to achieve full decentralization, Hedera believes it must transition to becoming a public permissionless network.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Private \/ Permissioned<\/strong>: This type of network offers no decentralization. The applications deployed in production, and the network nodes running them, must be invited to join the network and meet certain criteria or provide a form of identification. Any party can also be removed without warning at any time.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Private \/ Permissionless<\/strong>: Requires that applications deployed in production be invited to join the network and can be removed without warning at any time. The nodes which constitute the network and run said applications can freely and anonymously join and contribute, typically in exchange for a network\u2019s native cryptocurrency.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Public \/ Permissioned<\/strong>: Allows applications to be deployed in production or removed, without having to notify anyone, reveal their identity, or meet any application criteria requirements. The nodes which constitute the network and run said applications must be invited to join the network.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Public \/ Permissionless<\/strong>: This type of network is the most decentralized. Applications can be deployed in production or removed, without having to notify anyone, reveal their identity, or meet any application criteria requirements. Additionally, the nodes which constitute the network can freely and anonymously join and contribute, typically in exchange for a network\u2019s native cryptocurrency.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"learning-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/PathToDecentralization_TokenWebcast_V34-1.011.jpeg\" alt=\"Path To Decentralization Token Webcast V34 1 011\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Hedera is starting off at open access in the upper left quadrant, as a public permissioned network \u2014 the nodes which constitute the network will be operated by Hedera Council members, which have been invited to join as network operators. As performance, security, stability, and incentives of the Hedera network mature, Hedera will open node operation to more entities and individuals, relaxing permissions.<\/p>\n<p>The Hedera network will become public and fully permissionless \u2014 any individual or organization can run a node anonymously and earn HBAR cryptocurrency for assisting with network operation. This is the path Hedera will take, ensuring security at every point along the path, to fully realize its mission of becoming the most decentralized public permissionless ledger in the market.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hedera Defined &amp;\u00a0Explained Hedera is a fully open source, proof-of-stake,\u00a0public network\u00a0and governing body\u00a0for building and deploying\u00a0decentralized applications.\u00a0It offers developers three primary services: Solidity-based smart contracts, consensus, and token services.\u00a0Hedera is unique in that it is\u00a0incredibly fast, energy-efficient (carbon negative), and secure \u2014 these advantages can be attributed to its underlying hashgraph consensus algorithm. Consensus: Hashgraph [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[31],"class_list":["post-12424","learning","type-learning","status-publish","hentry","tag-consensus"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is Hedera? | Hedera<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hedera.com\/learning\/what-is-hedera-hashgraph\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is Hedera? | Hedera\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hedera Defined &amp;\u00a0Explained Hedera is a fully open source, proof-of-stake,\u00a0public network\u00a0and governing body\u00a0for building and deploying\u00a0decentralized applications.\u00a0It offers developers three primary services: Solidity-based smart contracts, consensus, and token services.\u00a0Hedera is unique in that it is\u00a0incredibly fast, energy-efficient (carbon negative), and secure \u2014 these advantages can be attributed to its underlying hashgraph consensus algorithm. 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